Orality (Communication) - Definition and Examples

Orality (Communication) s Orality is the use of speech  rather than writing  as a means of communication, especially in communities where the tools of literacy are unfamiliar to the majority of the population. Modern interdisciplinary studies in the history and nature of orality were initiated by theorists in the Toronto school, among them Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, Eric Havelock, and Walter J. Ong.  Ã‚   In Orality and Literacy (Methuen, 1982), Walter J. Ong identified some of the distinctive ways in which people in a primary oral culture [see the definition below] think and express themselves through narrative discourse: Expression is coordinate and polysyndetic ( . . . and . . . and . . . and . . .) rather than subordinate and hypotactic.Expression is aggregative (that is, speakers rely on epithets and on parallel and antithetical phrases) rather than analytic.Expression tends to be redundant and copious.Out of necessity, thought is conceptualized and then expressed with relatively close reference to the human world; that is, with a preference for the concrete rather than the abstract.Expression is agonistically toned (that is, competitive rather than cooperative).Finally, in predominantly oral cultures, proverbs (also known as maxims) are convenient vehicles for conveying simple beliefs and cultural attitudes. Etymology From the Latin oralis, mouth Examples and Observations James A. MaxeyWhat is the relationship of orality to literacy? Though disputed, all sides agree that  orality is  the predominant mode of communication in the world and that literacy is a relatively recent technological development in human history.Pieter J.J. BothaOrality as a condition exists by virtue of communication that is not dependent on modern media processes and techniques. It is negatively formed by the lack of technology and positively created by specific forms of education and cultural activities. . . . Orality refers to the experience of words (and speech) in the habitat of sound. Ong on Primary Orality and Secondary Orality Walter J. OngI style the orality of a culture totally untouched by any knowledge or writing or print, primary orality. It is primary by contrast with the secondary orality of present-day high-technology culture, in which a new orality is sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices that depend for their existence and functioning on writing and print. Today primary oral culture in the strict sense hardly exists, since every culture knows of writing and has some experience of its effects. Still, to varying degrees many cultures and subcultures, even in a high-technology ambiance, preserve much of the mind-set of primary orality. Ong on Oral Cultures Walter J. OngOral cultures indeed produce powerful and beautiful verbal performances of high artistic and human worth, which are no longer even possible once writing has taken possession of the psyche. Nevertheless, without writing, human consciousness cannot achieve its fuller potentials, cannot produce other beautiful and powerful creations. In this sense, orality needs to produce and is destined to produce writing. Literacy . . . is absolutely necessary for the development not only of science but also of history, philosophy, explicative understanding of literature and of any art, and indeed for the explanation of language (including oral speech) itself. There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today that is not somehow aware of the vast complex of powers forever inaccessible without literacy. This awareness is agony for persons rooted in primary orality, who want literacy passionately but who also know very well that moving into the excitin g world of literacy means leaving behind much that is exciting and deeply loved in the earlier oral world. We have to die to continue living. Orality and Writing Rosalind ThomasWriting is not necessarily the mirror-image and destroyer of orality, but reacts or interacts with oral communication in a variety of ways. Sometimes the line between written and oral even in a single activity cannot actually be drawn very clearly, as in the characteristic Athenian contract which involved witnesses and an often rather slight written document, or the relation between the performance of a play and the written and published text. Clarifications Joyce Irene MiddletonMany misreadings, misinterpretations, and misconceptions about orality theory are due, in part, to [Walter J.] Ongs rather slippery use of seemingly interchangeable terms that very diverse audiences of readers interpret in various ways. For example, orality is not the opposite of literacy, and yet many debates about orality are rooted in oppositional values . . .. In addition, orality was not replaced by literacy: Orality is permanentwe have always and will continue to always use human speech arts in our various forms of communication, even as we now witness changes in our personal and professional uses of alphabetic forms of literacy in a number of ways. Pronunciation: o-RAH-li-tee

Quotations for Bonding With Your Sister

Quotations for Bonding With Your Sister I grew up with two sisters. As kids, we had our share of squabbles and catty fights, just like any other siblings. However, I didnt feel that our parents ever favored one over the other, or interfered in our quarrels. They let us settle our own matters. I always found that when tempers flared, my younger sister would say something cute, and make us all laugh. Our quarrels never lasted for more than a day, often lasting only for minutes. Brothers Are Different From Sisters As a mother of two boys, I see a different type of relationship between my two sons. Boys squabble over different issues than girls. The way two brothers bond with each other is different from the way sisters bond. I watched my sisters grow up into beautiful, capable and confident women. My overprotective older sister grew up to be cautious and risk-averse. She made calculated moves, ensuring that she protected her family at every turn. My younger sister went about her business with an air of nonchalance, seeking new adventures even at great personal risk. She achieved her ambitions early in life, which fueled her aspirations. I often wonder how despite our common childhood experiences, we developed different skills and perspectives. Your Sister and You Have a Shared Childhood Many sisters bond over shared childhood experiences, and how these experiences impacted their life. Your sister has shared your journey of life during childhood; the time when personalities get formed. Your sister has seen you in your most vulnerable moments. She knows you nature inside out. She understands you even better than you understand yourself. Who better than your sister to confide your darkest secrets? Sisters Hold the Mirror Up to Your Face Need a reality check? Go to your sister. She will mince no words when she has to tell you that you are a boneheaded egomaniac. However, you can rest assured that she is on your side, and she means well. Your arguments with your sister will enable you to think through your decision and make the right move. Sisters Can Shield You From the World The best thing about sisters is that they give you room to make your own mistakes. While your sister may still dangle the threat of squealing to your mother, she will help you when you need her the most. She will protect her family honor by defending you against your enemies. What Makes Sisters Special Sisters are Gods greatest blessings. You are lucky if you have a sister. Make your relationship special by sharing intimate childhood experiences with your sister. Walk down memory lane as you recount your good and bad childhood memories. Share your views about each other, and get a fresh perspective about yourself. Build an everlasting bond of friendship with these sister quotes. Cherish this bond of sibling love and make your life complete. Cute Sister Quotes Cali Rae TurnerThe best thing about having a sister was that I always had a friend.Linda SunshineIf you dont understand how a woman could both love her sister dearly and want to wring her neck at the same time, then you were probably an only child.Pam BrownSisters annoy, interfere, criticize. Indulge in monumental sulks, in huffs, in snide remarks. Borrow. Break. Monopolize the bathroom. Are always underfoot. But if catastrophe should strike, sisters are there. Defending you against all comers.Barbara AlpertShe is your mirror, shining back at you with a world of possibilities. She is your witness, who sees you at your worst and best, and loves you anyway. She is your partner in crime, your midnight companion, someone who knows when you are smiling, even in the dark. She is your teacher, your defense attorney, your personal press agent, even your shrink. Some days, shes the reason you wish you were an only child.Pam BrownIf your sister is in a tearing hurry to go out and cannot catch your eye, shes wearing your best sweater.Victoria SecundaTo have a loving relationship with a sister is not simply to have a buddy or a confident; it is to have a soul mate for life.Margaret MeadSisters are probably the most competitive relationship within the family, but once sisters are grown, it becomes the strongest relationship.Marion C GarrettyA sister is a little bit of childhood that can never be lost.Carol SalineWhat sets sisters apart from brothers and also from friends is a very intimate meshing of heart, soul and the mystical cords of memory.Charles M SchulzBig sisters are the crab grass in the lawn of life.Isadora JamesA sister is a gift to the heart, a friend to the spirit, a golden thread to the meaning of life.Louise GluckOf two sisters, one is always the watcher, one the dancer.Carol SalineSisters function as safety nets in a chaotic world simply by being there for each other.Gail SheenyHusbands come and go; children come and eventually they go. Friends grow up and move away. But the one thing thats never lost is your sister.Pam BrownA younger sister is someone to use as a guinea pig in trying sledges and experimental go-carts. Someone to send on messages to Mum. But someone who needs you who comes to you with bumped heads, grazed knees, tales of persecution. Someone who trusts you to defend her. Someone who thinks you know the answers to almost everything.

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example The elements are that there is an intention that there be property given to a trustee for use of a beneficiary or beneficiaries.1 Moreover, there must be a certainty that a trust is what was truly was intended, and not a bailment, gift or agency relationship.2 Additionally, there must be certainty about the terms of the trust – what is the property, and who is to benefit from the property.3 The trust must also be for the benefit of people, and not for a purpose, which means that the beneficiaries may be able to decide how to use the property.4 This is known as the three certainties – there must be a certainty of intention, subject matter and object.5 There must also be, for an express trust, a transfer of property to the trustee.6 There is some question, however, about this particular trust. While it appears to be for the benefit of beneficiaries, in that the people of the company are who would benefit from the trust, the trust might also be construed as a purpose trust , which means that the trust is set up for the fulfillment of a purpose, not the for the benefit of a person.7 The court might construe the trust as being a purpose trust, because it was set up for the purpose of providing medical care and rest and recuperation care to the employees. ... Another possibility is that this money would be treated as a resulting trust.8 This would occur if the court assumes that the settlor of the trust are the people who contributed the money into the trust, and the trust itself fails, because of the lack of certainty of the objects of the trust.9 A resulting trust can also result when the objectives of the trust no longer become possible or relevant by the time of the transfer to the trustee.10 Alternatively, the trust could treated as a quistclose trust, which occurs when a creditor lends money to a debtor for a particular purpose.11 If the trust fails, because the purpose that the debtor was to use the property fails or cannot be fulfilled, then the money reverts back to the creditor.12 Either way, the money would be considered to be a resulting trust, which would mean that the settlors would retain the value of the money.13 This would mean, of course, that the trustees would not be able to use the money for other purposes – as with a quistclose trust, the money in the trust fund was to be used for a very specific purpose, which is to be pay for medical care and rest and recuperation care for any employee or the family of an employee who suffers injury or a medical condition arising from their work. This is what the fund was specifically set up for, and, since this purpose is no longer valid, the settlors would retain the money. This would mean that the people who contributed the money into the fund would retain the rights to the money, and the trustees would not be able to divert the funds for other things. Even if the court does not treat the trust as a resulting trust, it is still doubtful that the trustees would be able to use the funds for something else. Assuming that the trust is considered to be

Measuring Public Sector Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Measuring Public Sector Performance - Essay Example Then, common models of performance measurement and how they were developed are investigated. Third, the public and private sectors are compared and contrasted to highlight similarities and differences in their functions, goals, and outputs. Fourth, key developments in private and public sector performance measures are reviewed and discussed to highlight the convergence in the efforts of each sector to address stakeholder expectations. The paper concludes with a set of observations that disprove the hypothesis by showing that performance measurement as a basis for financial accountability and management in both the private and public sectors has become more complex and difficult and provide challenges for everyone. Any discussion of organisational performance begins with an understanding of the nature of human organisations and why they exist. Like the human beings who establish them, every organisation exists for a purpose, a set of goals or objectives that has to be achieved. By custom and for analytical convenience, organisations are classified based on their main purpose; thus, there are private-sector, public-sector, not-for-profit, institutional, voluntary, and mixed organisations. Table 1 summarises each of these organisational types, their specific purposes, and some basic examples of each. Regardless of the type, an organisation can be ... Like the human beings who establish them, every organisation exists for a purpose, a set of goals or objectives that has to be achieved. By custom and for analytical convenience, organisations are classified based on their main purpose; thus, there are private-sector, public-sector, not-for-profit, institutional, voluntary, and mixed organisations. Table 1 summarises each of these organisational types, their specific purposes, and some basic examples of each. Regardless of the type, an organisation can be said to be successful if it meets the purpose(s) for which it is established, and with success comes its continued growth and existence. Otherwise, it would be better for an organisation that does not meet its purpose for existing to close down. This is where accounting as a management tool proves its usefulness because it helps provide public sector organisations with the means to measure performance (Jones et al., 2002). It helps any organisation determine whether it is meeting its purpose, and it is for this reason that management accountants have developed a growing body of organisational science around the notion of performance measurement. This was not, however, the case until in the previous century when increased globalisation and competition for limited resources pushed organisations to measure performance against their purpose for existence and in comparison with their competitors (Lothian, 1987; Fitzgerald et al, 1991). The term "performance" captures the notion of how an organisation operates in comparison to its purpose. Thus, performance measurement has been described (Neely, 1998; Kunz et al., 2002; Moullin, 2003) as an assessment of how an organisation performs and includes measures

The Changing Personality of Kurtz in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness

Heart of Darkness   - The Changing   Personality of Kurtz      Ã‚   Kurtz's character is fully facet (in Conrad's Heart of Darkness), not because of his conventional roll of antagonist, but for his roll in a historical fiction as a character with important roll in society, influenced by those close to him. Kurtz makes some key developments in the way he interacts with others, in large part due to the words and actions of society and Kurtz's acquaintances.    Heart of Darkness is a novel based on European imperialism in the late nineteenth-early twentieth century. During the turn of the century in 1900, the more significant countries in Europe (i.e. England, France, Germany, et al.) had gotten to a point where expansion within Europe was no longer foreseeable, so for financial, political, and egotistical reasons, these countries looked south to their neighbor Africa, the "black continent." "God-forsaken wilderness." Marlow says of Africa. (Page 73) Trade routes were established and the home countries found reliable executive willing to travel and develop relations in the country. In Conrad's novel, Kurtz was this man. He started out with a noble goal, i.e. to modernize Africa, but suffered the effects of a deadly disease, greed. "It was reckless without hardihood, greedy without audacity, and cruel without courage." Said Marlow (of what Kurtz and the ivory company had done to Africa.) (Page 102.)    Kurtz's characteristics are best seen through his work as an Ivory trader in the territory known as Congo. He got this position after being dubbed as a genius, partly because he worked as an orator, poet, writer, musician, politician, and artist in addition to the ivory business. Many would take this ... ...ributed to Kurtz loosing track of his life emotionally, and later physically. Kurtz loved her, and his heart went cold as she was separated from his life. This can be seen in the story at the conclusion in a dialogue between the intended and Marlow, where she asks Marlow what Kurtz's final words were. Marlow lies, not because of his friendship with Kurtz, but because he recognizes the importance of him to her (and visa versa.)    The change of Kurtz's personality is not solely because he is the antagonist, but because he is so self-conscious of his appearance that he allows society to overwhelm his character.    Work Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 17th ed. New York: Norton, 1988.    Notes 1. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of darkness. Page 73 2. Ibid. Page 102 3. Ibid. 107 4. Ibid.138    The Changing Personality of Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness Heart of Darkness   - The Changing   Personality of Kurtz      Ã‚   Kurtz's character is fully facet (in Conrad's Heart of Darkness), not because of his conventional roll of antagonist, but for his roll in a historical fiction as a character with important roll in society, influenced by those close to him. Kurtz makes some key developments in the way he interacts with others, in large part due to the words and actions of society and Kurtz's acquaintances.    Heart of Darkness is a novel based on European imperialism in the late nineteenth-early twentieth century. During the turn of the century in 1900, the more significant countries in Europe (i.e. England, France, Germany, et al.) had gotten to a point where expansion within Europe was no longer foreseeable, so for financial, political, and egotistical reasons, these countries looked south to their neighbor Africa, the "black continent." "God-forsaken wilderness." Marlow says of Africa. (Page 73) Trade routes were established and the home countries found reliable executive willing to travel and develop relations in the country. In Conrad's novel, Kurtz was this man. He started out with a noble goal, i.e. to modernize Africa, but suffered the effects of a deadly disease, greed. "It was reckless without hardihood, greedy without audacity, and cruel without courage." Said Marlow (of what Kurtz and the ivory company had done to Africa.) (Page 102.)    Kurtz's characteristics are best seen through his work as an Ivory trader in the territory known as Congo. He got this position after being dubbed as a genius, partly because he worked as an orator, poet, writer, musician, politician, and artist in addition to the ivory business. Many would take this ... ...ributed to Kurtz loosing track of his life emotionally, and later physically. Kurtz loved her, and his heart went cold as she was separated from his life. This can be seen in the story at the conclusion in a dialogue between the intended and Marlow, where she asks Marlow what Kurtz's final words were. Marlow lies, not because of his friendship with Kurtz, but because he recognizes the importance of him to her (and visa versa.)    The change of Kurtz's personality is not solely because he is the antagonist, but because he is so self-conscious of his appearance that he allows society to overwhelm his character.    Work Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. 17th ed. New York: Norton, 1988.    Notes 1. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of darkness. Page 73 2. Ibid. Page 102 3. Ibid. 107 4. Ibid.138   

Satan as Hero in Paradise Lost

The name of Satan has been permanently tarnished and cursed throughout English literature. His heinous strategies have crafted an abominable reputation for him, the enemy of the Lord. However, in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan acquires a role depicted with characteristics associated with the epic heroes and heroines. The first two books of Paradise Lost describe Satan, one-third of Heaven’s fallen angels, and their experiences after their eviction.In a state of anguish, Satan’s followers are still confident in their ambitious leader. With futures murkier than Hell’s obsidian darkness, Satan feels pressured to somehow compensate his demons for their humiliating downfall. When nobody volunteered to explore the rumored world of Paradise, Satan, as the commander, took it upon himself. Due to his unfaltering pride, Satan was somewhat courageous, a quality of an epic hero. Unfortunately, his main goal was to perpetually conquer all good things and to destroy anything representing God.Boiling with animosity, Satan travels throughout Hell on a journey to find Paradise. By traveling through a few realms, his actions became noticeable to his enemies. God and Jesus Christ discussed the intentions of Satan against mankind and began planning on how they would defeat him. Satan had already become legendary in Heaven and he was about to promote that title with Paradise’s defeat. In the books, Satan seemed to be misunderstood and at certain instances, desiring to repent.However, his eternal resentment towards God regenerated his hatred. He knew that he could not return to his previous state of innocence and his pursuit to forget his past seemingly characterizes him as a tragic hero. The reader feels sympathetic for him because his emotions mirror human emotions. Milton shows both sides of the enemy of God and in doing so, it is hard to place a solid analysis on one of the main characters in Paradise Lost.

The Effects Of Trauma On Clients And Mental Health Counselors

The Effects of Trauma on Clients and Mental Health Counselors Cedric Hynson Walden University The Effects of Trauma on Clients and Mental Health Counselors This paper will define The Effects of Trauma and Crisis on Clients and Mental Health Counselors and give a brief overview on how these Natural and man-made disasters, crises, and other trauma-causing events have become a focus of the clinical mental health counseling profession. Due to the extreme trauma that children, adolescents and adult experience after a traumatic event it, is noted that most individuals that are exposed to traumatic experience usually develop major depression, generalized anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) later in†¦show more content†¦Mr. Hynson was a great father, friend, mentor and spiritual leader that gave his children all the insights in life to overcome and adapt to reach wealth. Mr. Hynson was a great teacher, assistant principal, and principal in the school system for over 40 years and who brought education, skills, and knowledge to children of all cultures. He took care of his family and provided his dedication and time to his loving wife and to his three children to make sure that his family was secure without ever complaining. He served in the U.S. Army as a cook and retired from the military with a purple heart and other awards for his services. He provided college funds for his children to become a success story and success we have become. It was a great tragedy to get a phone call on the job 23 years ago and I continue to remember the last day of his life like it was yesterday. Mr. Cedric R. Hynson continues to be greatly missed by his two surviving sons, my brother and I, Cedric T. Hynson. Effects on Survivors and First Responders A. Explain the effects this crisis might have on survivors and/or first responders. Be sure to cite your resources. The effects that crisis might have on survivors and/or first responders greatly depends on the type of disaster or crisis that might be on hand. Survivors and first responders experience traumas in various ways to include: stress,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects of Trauma on Clients and Mental Health Counselors2042 Words   |  9 Pagesvictims of trauma or is exposed to graphic pictures or text of trauma, can experience the effects of secondary or vicarious trauma. Vicarious trauma (VT) will affect thinking, while secondary traumatic stress (STS), or compassion fatigue, affects feelings and behavior of the counselor. The purpose of this paper is to discuss man-made or natural disasters as well as personal trauma, and the counselor’s role in these situations. Skills to help the counselor deal with the effects of vicarious trauma willRead MoreExploring A Specific Crisis Situations1282 Words   |  6 Pagesand was taken to the trauma center of a large hospital where she was treate d for shock, cuts, and abrasions. She is currently waiting at the hospital for a meeting with a rape crisis worker (James, 2013). The purpose of this paper will be to examine the roles and responsibilities of Melody s crisis counselor, explore treatment considerations, and detail the self care needs of counselors working in this type of crisis situation. The Roles and Responsibilities of the Counselor While there is noRead MoreCase Analysis : Blind Faith988 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Case Analysis Case-2 Blind Faith Summary of Case: Your client, Chris, has entered counseling to work on interpersonal relationships. In the 3rd session, Chris reports having grown up family where violence, alcohol, and financial problems were significant factors. Christ indicates that life has always been unpredictable and people untrustworthy. Consequently, Chris is lonely and depressed. While telling you this story, Chris becomes emotionally distraught and on the verge of tears. I responseRead MoreTrauma Paper1033 Words   |  5 Pagesof trauma-causing events to use for this assignment: * one man-made or natural disaster 9/11/01 * one more personal trauma-causing crisis Rape * Explain the potential effects these events may have on the survivors and the first responders. * Explain how the counselor’s role may differ in treating a survivor of each of the traumas you selected and how they may differ in treating a first responder to each of the traumas. * Explain how a mental health counselor couldRead MoreThe Continuous Presence Of Trauma Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma has been an incorporated part of life since the beginning of human history. It is caused by an uncontrollable and unexpected threatening event that breaks assumptions of living in a relatively controlled and safe environment (Cai, Ding, Tang, Wu, Yang, 2014). Evidence of the continuous presence of trauma is provided through ancient texts concerning soldiers and their battles with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A Greek philosopher Gorgias (2003) commented in his prominent speech,Read MoreSpecific Concern:. Women Who Have Experienced The Trauma1080 Words   |  5 Pages Specific Concern: Women who have experienced the trauma of domestic violence and have disorders such as PTSD, general anxiety disorder, battered women syndrome (BWS), depressive disorders, and dissociation. Name of Program Transformation Healing Empowerment Sailing Program (THESP) Mission and Vision TESP is a program developed for healing, transformation and empowering women of domestic violence (DV). This program is designed for those who have been stuck in the pattern of domestic abuse violenceRead MoreOvercoming Racism And Barriers To Counseling African Americans.1347 Words   |  6 Pagesforty percent felt they were worse. In this paper, I will identify how a counselor can reduce the effects of racism and discrimination that has affected African Americans. Additionally, I will address what role a counselor plays in reducing the stigma of mental illness within the African American community. Furthermore, I will highlight the legal and ethical issues identified in the video â€Å"Snapping the Chain: Ending Mental Health Stigma in the African American Community†, as well as how these issuesRead MoreThe Factors Affecting The Emergency Crisis Response Plan1673 Words   |  7 PagesIn the event of an emergency or crisis, there are four factors that affect the overall outcome and any lasting effects of the event: response time, preparedness, communication between emergency response parties and skills and abilities of the responders. It is imperative to have knowledgeable and skilled responders present at the time of a crisis and more importantly it is imperative to have an emergency response plan. A sound and cohesive plan can make the difference between life and death, successRead MorePersonal Statement : Becoming A Counselor834 Words   |  4 Pages My name is Andrea Ramos and my future career is being a counselor . In order to achieve my goals , I need to meet educational , requirements , have a specific skills and be passionate about my worki ng/job. In order to be successful I need to be able to communicate with people more , and try to understand what a counselor s life would be all about , I will need excel at talking , and succeed in high school than college and my vocabulary and try to understand what people go through , this isRead MoreThe Origins Of Clinical Mental Health Counseling1458 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred to as the youngest of the counseling specialties is clinical mental health counseling. Despite physical health’s grasp on the nation, mental health has been a major focus at various times throughout history and continues to become an ever growing concern for people in general. As people come to better understand mental health issues and the demand for services grows, it is important to look at how clinical mental health counseling, and the counseling profession in general, has developed The Effects of Trauma on Clients and Mental Health Counselors Introduction Anyone who deals regularly with victims of trauma or is exposed to graphic pictures or text of trauma, can experience the effects of secondary or vicarious trauma. Vicarious trauma (VT) will affect thinking, while secondary traumatic stress (STS), or compassion fatigue, affects feelings and behavior of the counselor. The purpose of this paper is to discuss man-made or natural disasters as well as personal trauma, and the counselor’s role in these situations. Skills to help the counselor deal with the effects of vicarious trauma will also be discussed in this assignment. Trauma Examples Man-made and natural disasters are traumatic to both the client and to the counselor. Oftentimes, the counselor is also feeling the†¦show more content†¦In the case of sexual abuse, the child may feel he is betraying the person who abused him, by reporting the abuse, since oftentimes the abuser is someone he trusts and loves. The child may also feel powerless, untrusting, may react outwardly with anger, exhibit sexualized behaviors, be withdrawn from friends and family, or develop eating disorders. Anxiety disorders and PTSD, along with suicidal ideation may be present as well. Children who have suffered physical abuse are less likely to be attached to their parents and may be fearful of family interactions. They may develop anger issues in the future and could possibly become abusers to their own children. Some signs of physical abuse can be dangerous behaviors towards themselves and violence towards others, and may have ADHD, depression and/or conduct disorders and high levels of anxiety. A good sign for counselors to watch for is how the child interacts with other children—oftentimes, an abused child may resolve issues through violence and aggression, which is a behavior oftentimes learned from a trusted adult. When working with victims of abuse, it is important for the counselor to allow the child to move at her own pace and not push her to speak until ready. The counselor should not angrily place blame on the perpetrator—since oftentimes this is person the child loves and respects. The counselor, when dealingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Trauma On Clients And Mental Health Counselors1467 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Trauma on Clients and Mental Health Counselors Cedric Hynson Walden University The Effects of Trauma on Clients and Mental Health Counselors This paper will define The Effects of Trauma and Crisis on Clients and Mental Health Counselors and give a brief overview on how these Natural and man-made disasters, crises, and other trauma-causing events have become a focus of the clinical mental health counseling profession. Due to the extreme trauma that childrenRead MoreExploring A Specific Crisis Situations1282 Words   |  6 Pagesand was taken to the trauma center of a large hospital where she was treated for shock, cuts, and abrasions. She is currently waiting at the hospital for a meeting with a rape crisis worker (James, 2013). The purpose of this paper will be to examine the roles and responsibilities of Melody s crisis counselor, explore treatment considerations, and detail the self care needs of counselors working in this type of crisis situation. The Roles and Responsibilities of the Counselor While there is noRead MoreCase Analysis : Blind Faith988 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Case Analysis Case-2 Blind Faith Summary of Case: Your client, Chris, has entered counseling to work on interpersonal relationships. In the 3rd session, Chris reports having grown up family where violence, alcohol, and financial problems were significant factors. Christ indicates that life has always been unpredictable and people untrustworthy. Consequently, Chris is lonely and depressed. While telling you this story, Chris becomes emotionally distraught and on the verge of tears. I responseRead MoreTrauma Paper1033 Words   |  5 Pagesof trauma-causing events to use for this assignment: * one man-made or natural disaster 9/11/01 * one more personal trauma-causing crisis Rape * Explain the potential effects these events may have on the survivors and the first responders. * Explain how the counselor’s role may differ in treating a survivor of each of the traumas you selected and how they may differ in treating a first responder to each of the traumas. * Explain how a mental health counselor couldRead MoreThe Continuous Presence Of Trauma Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma has been an incorporated part of life since the beginning of human history. It is caused by an uncontrollable and unexpected threatening event that breaks assumptions of living in a relatively controlled and safe environment (Cai, Ding, Tang, Wu, Yang, 2014). Evidence of the continuous presence of trauma is provided through ancient texts concerning soldiers and their battles with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A Greek philosopher Gorgias (2003) commented in his prominent speech,Read MoreSpecific Concern:. Women Who Have Experienced The Trauma1080 Words   |  5 Pages Specific Concern: Women who have experienced the trauma of domestic violence and have disorders such as PTSD, general anxiety disorder, battered women syndrome (BWS), depressive disorders, and dissociation. Name of Program Transformation Healing Empowerment Sailing Program (THESP) Mission and Vision TESP is a program developed for healing, transformation and empowering women of domestic violence (DV). This program is designed for those who have been stuck in the pattern of domestic abuse violenceRead MoreOvercoming Racism And Barriers To Counseling African Americans.1347 Words   |  6 Pagesforty percent felt they were worse. In this paper, I will identify how a counselor can reduce the effects of racism and discrimination that has affected African Americans. Additionally, I will address what role a counselor plays in reducing the stigma of mental illness within the African American community. Furthermore, I will highlight the legal and ethical issues identified in the video â€Å"Snapping the Chain: Ending Mental Health Stigma in the African American Community†, as well as how these issuesRead MoreThe Factors Affecting The Emergency Crisis Response Plan1673 Words   |  7 PagesIn the event of an emergency or crisis, there are four factors that affect the overall outcome and any lasting effects of the event: response time, preparedness, communication between emergency response parties and skills and abilities of the responders. It is imperative to have knowledgeable and skilled responders present at the time of a crisis and more importantly it is imperative to have an emergency response plan. A sound and cohesive plan can make the difference between life and death, successRead MorePersonal Statement : Becoming A Counselor834 Words   |  4 Pages My name is Andrea Ramos and my future career is being a counselor . In order to achieve my goals , I need to meet educational , requirements , have a specific skills and be passionate about my worki ng/job. In order to be successful I need to be able to communicate with people more , and try to understand what a counselor s life would be all about , I will need excel at talking , and succeed in high school than college and my vocabulary and try to understand what people go through , this isRead MoreThe Origins Of Clinical Mental Health Counseling1458 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred to as the youngest of the counseling specialties is clinical mental health counseling. Despite physical health’s grasp on the nation, mental health has been a major focus at various times throughout history and continues to become an ever growing concern for people in general. As people come to better understand mental health issues and the demand for services grows, it is important to look at how clinical mental health counseling, and the counseling profession in general, has developed